Monday, 13 April 2020

An Irish Bog

There are two types of bog in Ireland, a raised bog and a blanket bog. 

Irish Bog

Blanket bog is generally found in mountainous upland areas whereas raised bogs are mostly found in lowland areas with the biggest concentration of raised bog areas found in the Irish midlands. 

Bog railway

Raised bogs develop over a long time from fens, an intermediate stage of raised bog formation. Bogs are 95% water and the chief vegatation in them is Sphagnum moss.

Turf

Without going into a post on the details of either I've just posted a few photographs from the bog nearby.
Turf harvested by hand has to be "footed" to dry out before it is suitable for use and burning.

Milled turf (Peat) would be hauled on narrow guage railways direct from the bogs to the energy generating power plants for burning.

Bog Locomotive

Because of restrictions on movement and limitations of going no further than 2 Kms from home during the Corona virus pandemic any cycling recently has been limited to me heading into the nearby bog.

Bog

These bogs have historically been harvested by locals for fuel to be used as home heating as well as harvested on a larger scale by the state (Bord na Móna) as a fuel source for turf burning power stations.

Peat Bog

Bogs are "anaerobic" which means that they have very little oxygen in them. Because oxygen accelerates decomposition this means that bogs often preserve things well and stifle decomposition. 

Bog Butter

Cashel man is an example of a Bronze Age "Bog Body" which is on display at the National museum and is a well preserved body which was found in a local Laois bog.

"Bog Butter" is another item sometimes discovered in a well preserved state and I've included a picture of a 30 Kg lump of 1000 year old "Bog Butter" which is on display in Roscrea.

Bog Butter

The rehabilitation of Ireland's raised bogs will take many decades but should eventually return a valuable ecological asset to nature.

Turf Bog

With environmental and ecological concerns coming to the forefront the days of the rural turf cutter are fast coming to an end.

The image conjures up a very happy and comforting picture of times past but there's no going back and no matter how much we might object the reality is that there is no place for an unsustainable and environmentally destructive process any more.

Bogs are an important ecological niche and a huge variety of specialised plants exist and depend on them as does a large variety of "Scrub." The "Scrub" encourages a wide number of small bird species.

The most unusual bird I've been fortunate to see in an Irish bog is an African Hoopoe, which I presume was somewhat "off course."

Hoopoe

I've fond memories of meeting turf cutters decades ago as I rambled here and there but time moves on and so too must process's......



Wednesday, 1 April 2020

Irelands Bullaun Stones

Found throughout Ireland and quite numerous there are many fascinating "Bullaun Stones."

 

Bullaun Stone
Roscam, Galway - Associated with Saint Patrick.
Bullaun Stone

Bullaun Stones are stones which have hollows or depressions carved into them, either a single hollow or multiple hollows or depressions. Many are shaped like a "bowl."

Bullaun Stone
Clonmore, Carlow - Large multiple Bullaun.
Bullaun Stone
 
They range very often in size from as little as 20 Centimetres across to as large as several metres measured along their upper surface. The difference in size, shape, and number of depressions make Bullaun Stones quite unique and difficult to categorize. They vary in shape and style considerable.

Saint Molua's Bullaun Stone

Saint Molua's Stone - Kyle, Laois.
Bullaun Stone
 
Saint Molua's Bullaun Stone
 
The origins of Ireland's Bullaun Stones are lost in the mist of time however similar Stones are also found in Britain as well as in continental Europe and throughout the world.

Bullaun Stone
Probable Bullaun - Church of Ireland, Aghade, Carlow.
Bullaun Stone

Today the majority of Irish Bullaun Stones are found close to ancient sites of ecclesiastical importance such as early Christian monasteries and Churches and alongside Holy Wells and sites of pilgrimage.

Bullaun Stone
Bullauns - Saint Peacauns, Toureen, Tipperary.
Bullaun Stone

Bullaun Stone

It's very unlikely that the present religious associations and settings are the original source of Ireland's Bullaun Stones.

Bullaun Stone
Bullaun and Holy well - Cumber/Forelacka, Offaly.
Bullaun Stone

At a guess it would seem likely that some Bullaun Stones must have originated as some form of prehistoric grinding stones much like a Mortar and Pestle or a Saddle querns. 

Bullaun Stone
Bulluans - Killamery, Kilkenny. Is the lower stone a Bullaun or a Holed Stone ?
Bullaun Stone

To my knowledge the only way to date stone usage without written records is if it
(the stone) has recently been excavated and can be tested for how long ago it had previously been exposed to sunlight. 
It would seem that dating pre-existing Bullauns is a non runner.

Bullaun Stone
Glendalough, Wicklow - One Bullaun has been repurposed into the Altar.
Bullaun Stone

Bullaun Stone

What can be said with certainty is that they are a multi period artifact in the Irish landscape and an intriguing and beguiling one at that.
It is entirely possible that some of them may have been Bronze age or even Neolithic grinding tools. 

Small Bullaun - Castletown Cemetery, Drumroe, Tipperary.
Bullaun Stone

I presume a lack of finds near neolithic sites may make this seem unlikely however given the portable nature of most Bullaun Stones perhaps they were moved and repurposed over the millennia, who knows?

Bullaun Stone
Saint Berriherts - Tipperary. Bullauns or Swearing Stones ?
Bullaun Stone

Bullaun Stone

Bullaun Stone

The Bullaun Stones found in Ireland today seem to have very ritualistic purposes and most are associated with local myths, legends, and traditions.
Many are still an integral part of local worship and veneration at sites of pilgrimage throughout the Country.

Killone Bullaun on Kilmurray Hill, Laois.
Killone Bullaun Stone, Laois


Along with the obvious depressions which are the defining feature of Bullaun Stones several have further interesting marks, grooves, or hollows which are often ascribed to the marks made from where venerated Saints knelt when praying, their hand prints when worshiping or the marks of Horses or Cows hooves etc. etc.

Lemanaghan Offaly - Associated with Saint Manchan. Bulluan at Well and on ancient Togher. 
It's mooted that the Bullauns in the lower photo were left behind by the Saints Cow when it was stolen by a thief and he was then able to track the Cow down by following its hoof marks.
Bullaun Stone

Bullaun Stone

The Bullauns, some of which may have originated as a type of early milling stone are now often used for ritual purposes and are often believed to have magical or healing properties. They are sometimes associated as sources of cures for different ailments.

Bullaun on ground - Gallen Priory, Ferbane, Offaly
Bullaun Stone

Some were also repurposed as "Cursing Stones" or "Swearing Stones."
There are several traditions of using Bullauns to cast a spell or curse and also of using them to swear an oath or obligation.

Kilmurray Hill, Laois. Another picture of the Killone Bullaun.
Killone Bullaun Stone, Laois


It doesn't take much of a stretch of the imagination to visualise a distant relative centuries ago after a "night on the tear" and some misfortune pleading or entreating at a Bullaun stone or in other instances asking for a favour, healing grace, or placing a curse ..........
"I swear, I swear. I'll never touch a drop again if......."

Glendalough, Wicklow.
Bullaun Stone

A Large number of Bullaun Stones are located at devotional sites and places where votive offerings are left and prayers offered to Saints associated with the locality.

Glendalough in Wicklow contains an unusually large number of Bullaun stones with over 40 recorded in the area, attesting to their religious significance in the locality.
Some of the many uses and purposes to which Bullaun Stones may originally have served have been mooted as ; grinding stones for grains or nuts, crushing herbs, metal ores and colour pigments, and making medicines.
Each of these suggested ancient uses seems quite plausible in its own right and we will probably never know for sure. In fact some may have origins or uses for which we could never even begin to hazard a guess.

Double Bullaun at Saint Peacauns in Tipperary.
Bullaun Stone.

Occasionally it is difficult to be certain a stone is in fact a Bullaun Stone as it may be a repackaged Font or Stoup or just a weathered conglomerate rock but most Bullauns are fairly easily identified.

  Small single Bullaun at Saint Fintans Well, Cromogue, Laois.
Bullaun Stone.

Ireland's Bullaun Stones are a striking and evocative archaeological record of times past and present throughout the Country. 
Myths, legends, local folklore, and ecclesiastical associations have served to keep most of them "in situ" and intact so that they remain in place for future generations to enjoy.


Killinagh Cursing Stone - A large multiple Bullaun and two other Bullaun Stones in a group, Cavan.

Killinagh Cursing Stone


They also provide a valuable link to the past and serve as a visible reminder of our sometimes forgotten history and heritage.
As technology advances further the old "oral tradition" fades and the meaning and purpose of relics can be lost or forgotten, particularly concerning obscure local traditions and folklore.
 
An impressive and large Bulluan Stone, the Nine Hole Stone in Offaly.
 
 
The Nine Hole Bullaun Stone, Offaly

Bullaun Stone
 
Wherever you live you will probably find that you are not too far from a Bullaun Stone. Perhaps you were unaware of its existence and passed it by without even knowing it was there. 
The stone probably has a tale to tell if you dig a little deeper......
 
Saint Brigids Stone. A large and unusual upright positioned Bullaun Stone at Ballybuggy in Laois.
 
 
Bullaun Stone with depression and channel at Morett in County Laois beside Saint Brigids Well.
 
Saint Brigids Well and Bullaun, Morett, Laois 
 
Saint Brigids Well and Bullaun, Morett, Laois 
 
 A single Bullaun Stone outside Ballynakill Church in Galway, perhaps once used in rituals as a font.
 
Ballynakill Bullaun Stone, Galway
 
Another large single Bullaun Stone at Kilcorban medieval Church ruins in Galway, a lovely quiet area close to Pallas Castle....

Kilcorban Bullaun Stone, Galway
 
This multiple "earthfast" Bullaun at Aghowle in Wicklow was referred to by a local as the "Baking Stone". It looks like a frog with a crooked smile.

Aghowle Bullaun Stone, Wicklow
 
Below are several small Bullaun Stones found in the general area of Kilkieran and placed beside each other at the ancient ecclesiastical site in Kilkenny.

Kilkieran Bullaun Stones, Kilkenny
 
Killadeas in Fermanagh plays host to this unusual upright "possible" Bullaun Stone which also serves as a Cross inscribed stone. The ringed Cross is on one side and the multiple Bullauns, possible prehistoric cup marks, are on the other.

Killadeas Bullaun Stone, Fermanagh

Killadeas Bullaun Stone, Fermanagh
 
Saint Patricks Bullaun Stone and Raggedy Bush, Bamford, Kilkenny. Easy to miss.
 
 
The "Wart Stone" in Offaly is a single Bullaun on an elevated and elongated rock platform which reputedly served as an altar for Mass during the period of the Penal laws in Ireland.
 
The Wart Stone_Offaly
 
The Wart Stone, Offaly Bullaun Stone.

The Wart Stone, Offaly Bullaun Stone.
 
A lone Bullaun Stone at Killina, Rahan, Offaly.
 


A beautiful Bullaun which has been carved into a small rocky outcrop beside an abandoned Board of First Fruit Church at Kilruane in Tipperary.
 
Kilruane Bullaun Stone, Tipperary

Kilruane Bullaun Stone, Tipperary

Kilruane Bullaun Stone, Tipperary

 At the large ecclesiastical settlement of Clonmacnoise in Offaly there are just two Bullaun Stones recorded. In comparison there are over 40 recorded at Glendalough in Wicklow. 

It's possible that at one time there were many more Bullaun Stones at Clonmacnoise and they have been long since lost or forgotten about.

Bullaun at Clonmacnoise

The one pictured above and below is known as "Glun Tinnis Cinn" or "the knee-stone of the head-ache". 

Being one of only two at Clonmacnoise it is very unusual. The stone is listed as lying north of the Pilgrims Road (behind the hedge) "9 chains from the Graveyard". 

Bullaun Stone at Clonmacnoise

An Irish Chain is an old unit of measurement which was 100 Links or 4 Rods in length. 
This was about 84 feet in length and the measurement was originally thought to refer to a Surveyors chain.

Bullaun Stone

This Bullaun at Clonmacnoise was partially buried and I wasn't properly equipped to uncover the full stone. 

What is in no doubt is that unless it is protected properly it is likely to be destroyed in short order by agricultural machinery or passing vehicles.

Bullaun Stone

It has an unusually large depression and reputedly other depressions made from kneeling. I didn't get to uncover these on the day in question. My bad photographs don't fully convey its size.

At the wonderful Temple Cronan Church in rural Clare are two beautiful Gable shrines while inside the Church is a single elongated stone slab with a single depression in it. 

Bullaun

There is no Bullaun listed here however the single depression is unmistakable so I'm taking it to be a Bullaun stone of one type or another. I'm not an archaeologist so authoritative verification is outstanding however I believe it is a Bullaun.

Bullaun

The angle of the light made photographing the stone difficult and the pictures are a little washed out. The stone is rectangular in shape and outline. The depression is shallow and could easily be missed in the wrong light.

Bullaun at Temple Cronan, Clare

Near Knickeen in Wicklow by a marshy area near a stream are two interesting Bullaun Stones. One is known as Saint Laurence O'Toole's Hand Print.

One Bullaun is cracked and has two depressions carved into it while the other is a multiple Bullaun Stone partly submerged with at least six and perhaps more Bullauns carved into it.

Saint Laurence O'Toole's Hand Print

Saint Laurence O'Toole's Hand Print

Saint Laurence O'Toole's Hand Print

Saint Laurence O'Toole's Hand Print

Three single Bullaun Stones located at the wonderful ruins of Clonygoose Church in Carlow.

Clonygoose Bullaun Stones

Clonygoose Bullaun Stones

Clonygoose Bullaun Stones

A single Bullaun Stone by Saint Fortchern's Holy Well in Carlow. The Well and Bullaun are close to the early 10th Century "White" Church just across the road.

Saint Fortchern's Holy Well and Bullaun Stone

Saint Fortchern's Holy Well and Bullaun Stone

A single Bullaun which may once have served as a base for a Cross at Finglas Graveyard, Loughan, Offaly. 
Nearby Dunkerrin has a memorial for Kate Shell(e)y who is remembered in Iowa for averting a train crash and had a bridge named in her honour.
 
Bullaun Stone, Finglas, Offaly, Ireland.

She was the first woman in the USA to have a bridge named after her and a Locomotive was named the Kate Shelley 400.

Bullaun Stone, Finglas, Offaly, Ireland.

A beautiful earth-fast Bullaun Stone at Cemetery Hill in Wicklow. It is situated in what now seems a peculiar position but perhaps it's position was much more prominent previously and the land and situation surrounding it has changed.




A single Bullaun at Glenbower near Killeagh in Cork. It is located beside what appears to be the base of a Cross by the side of a woodland trail. 

Killeagh Bullaun Stone, Cork

Killeagh Bullaun Stone, Cork

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The information below is directly copied from my page on Glendalough's Bullaun Stones so the page is just a copy of the info and pasted below :

I have listed the Bullaun Stones at Glendalough with a snippet of information on each and its record number as described on the Sites and Monuments Records (SMR).

I hope you enjoy the photographs and I have piqued your interest. 
Keep the wheels turning.

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WI023-066
This is a moderately sized Bullaun Stone with a single basin which looked Hemispherical to me and is described as located outside what was once the "Caretakers House."

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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WI023-006003
This is an irregularly shaped Bullaun which is located in the middle of the Glendasan river perched on its side. The stone appears trapezoidal in shape and in certain light shows a beautiful golden brown hue.

Located in the flowing river water it certainly makes for one of the more unusual settings or placements of Bullaun Stone. How it got here we will never know. 

There is another Bullaun further upstream also in the middle of the river, WI023-006004. It is only visible at low water levels and is about 15 metres away from this Stone. I have no photograph of it.

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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WI023-006001
This is another Bullaun Stone with a single basin. It is on the edge of the riverbank almost directly opposite the previous Stone. Irregularly shaped with a well defined basin it is easy to locate.

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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I have no information on the following two Bullaun Stones. They are lying near what I think is a small Christian Retreat centre. 

It's possible they have been relocated here from elsewhere in the immediate area. It's unlikely that this is their original location. They are set beside a piece of early machinery and set in a rock border. Both have a single basin.

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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WI023-004002 

This is an interesting Bullaun Stone. Totally covered in vegetation but once cleared it first shows as flat and almost table shaped with a single basin. 

The stone on closer inspection appeared to be divided by a slight and shallow linear carved depression which divided it in two.

The photographs below show it with and without vegetative cover. Initially it had looked almost square shaped until removal of the overgrowth exposed the full extent of the Stone.

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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WI023-005002 / WI023-005 / WI023-005001 / WI023-005003

There is a group of four Bullaun Stones near the previous Stone. They are referred to as the "Seven Fonts."

The group consists of two medium sized Bullaun Stones with single basins, a large and very irregular shaped Bullaun Stone with a single basin and an extremely large and unusually shaped Bullaun Stone with four basins.

This accounts for the name of the group as the "Seven Fonts."

The largest Bullaun Stone in the group has four basins but three of the basins are carved into their own little enclave in a flat rectangular carved portion of the Stone and separated from the final fourth basin.

Covered in vegetative growth the smaller of the Bullaun Stones can be difficult to locate. I've included photographs at various states of overgrowth and used red circles to indicate some of the Stones. 

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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In the same field are three further Bullaun Stones.

WI023-005007
This incorrectly refers to a Bullaun Stone with a single basin. This Bullaun Stone is in fact a record from Paddy Healy/1972 now marked as redundant which refers to a Bullaun Stone with two basins. WI023-005005.

The initial record by Healy was correct and the Stone was possibly partially covered in mud when it was later inspected and re-recorded as a Bullaun with a single basin.

This Bullaun Stone with two basins appears to have a shallow line carved along the Stone to one of the Bullauns.

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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WI023
This is a moderately large Bullaun Stone with a single basin. The top is wide in relation to its single basin and it is very distinct and quite flat.

Located directly beside a small tree, a type of thorn.

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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WI023-005004
Another Bullaun Stone in the same field with a single basin. It is located east or east-southeast in the field near a boundary fence and close to another small tree.

The Stone seems to have settled at a slight angle. There is another Bullaun Stone mentioned in this field but is is unlocated and unmarked. 

It is possible that there are many more Bullaun Stones hidden beneath the soil surface here.

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough


Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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In a field across the road from the field of the "Seven Fonts" there are a further three Bullaun Stones one of which has two basins directly opposed to each other on the two corners of the Stone. It is quite striking and somewhat unusual.

WI023-042
This Bullaun Stone has two basins. The top is the only part of the Stone that is exposed and it is very flat in shape. 

The arrangement of the basins opposing each other is very visually striking. What purpose this serves we can only guess at. The first photograph shows the Stone in an overgrown state and difficult to interpret until cleared.

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Located beside the previous Bullaun Stone with two basins are the two further Bullaun Stones each with single basins.

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WI023-043 / WI023-044
These two single Bullaun Stones lie close to the previous Stone. The furthest is roughly one metre away.
From the records I cannot differentiate between 043 and 044.

One Stone appears to be a "typical" medium sized Bullaun Stone shape with a distinct basin while the other is completely irregular and elongated with a very atypical shallow basin.

All three Bullaun Stones are located very close to each other and almost with touching distance.

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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WI023-008010
This Bullaun Stone has been set on its side into the North wall of the Cathedral at Glendalough inside the building and near the north east corner. 
It is a bright and cheerful Bullaun Stone with a single basin in an unusual setting.

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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WI023-009011
This small Bullaun Stone is set into the ground near Saint Kevin's Church which is also known as Saint Kevin's Kitchen.

It is set in the ground under luscious green grass and has some small little pebbles in it alongside the clear rainwater it collects. It is a beautiful little Stone.

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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WI023-002
An unusual setting here. This Bullaun Stone is set into a Wall at a Cottage entrance in Glendalough.
The basin is very shallow and the stone is set partially into the ground making it difficult to spot.

 WI023-002001 is another Stone at this location which is supposed to be located inside the gateway but the property here is private.

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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WI023-011
The Deer Stone. This is probably the best known and certainly the most often seen Bullaun Stone at Glendalough. It lies near a bridge across the Glenealo river.

It is a flat topped Bullaun Stone with a single basin surrounded by other granite stones of various shapes and sizes.

Saint Kevin is reputed to have been very close to nature, wildlife and animals. There are various legends associated with the Deer Stone. 

Some mention the Saint raising an orphan and needing milk to feed the child. A deer would leave milk for him in the hollow of the Deer Stone.

Deer Stone_Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough



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WI023-003002
This Bullaun Stone is located in the ruins of Saint Mary's Church and has been inserted into the Altar at there. 
It is unusual among the Bullaun Stones at Glendalough where most of the Bullaun Stones are of granite rock while this Bullaun Stone is Schist.

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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WI023-009008 / WI023-009061

Inside Glendalough Visitor Centre are listed the two Bullaun Stones numbered above.
One is described as a single basin and the other is described as having two basins.

The photograph below is of a Stone in the Visitor Centre I took quite some time ago however I didn't take note of its significance at the time. I assume it is Bullaun Stone WI023-009008 however I can't be sure until I get back some time to double check.

Bullaun Stone

Bullaun Stone, Glendalough

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Large upright single Bullaun Stone at Killucan, Westmeath.

Killucan Bullaun Stone, Westmeath

Killucan Bullaun Stone, Westmeath

One of just two Bullaun Stones recorded at Clonmacnoise in Offaly. This delightful example is sunken to ground level.

Clonmacnoise Bullaun Stone

Clonmacnoise Bullaun Stone

A Bullaun Stone beside an original High Cross base at Terryglass in County Tipperary.

Terry Glass High CRoss and Bullaun Stone, Tipperary

Bullaun Stone at Cahir Abbey Tipperary.